本期作者
张智
哔哩哔哩高级安全工程师
1. 前言
1.1 背景
随着云原生技术的普及,其暴露出来的攻击面也被黑客们念念不忘,相关的攻击技术也跟着被“普及”,自动化漏洞利用攻击工具更是如雨后春笋般出现在GitHub开源平台,其中比较有代表性的如cdk-team/CDK。其是一款为容器环境定制的渗透测试工具,在已攻陷的容器内部提供零依赖的常用命令及PoC/EXP。集成Docker/K8s场景特有的 逃逸、横向移动、持久化利用方式,插件化管理。
在漏洞利用门槛如此低廉的今天,作为企业安全的建设者(搬砖人),除了考虑部署容器层面运行时检测平台,在k8s api-server层面,启用日志审计功能,也是一个成本低廉又高效发现入侵攻击的途径。
通过对api-server的日志进行审计分析,对于攻击者的信息收集行为,部署k8s cronjob后门、利用rbac做权限提升等持久化攻击行为都能及时的发现并输出告警。
1.2 kubernetes日志审计介绍
Kubernetes 审计功能提供了与安全相关的按时间顺序排列的记录集,记录单个用户、管理员或系统其他组件影响系统的活动顺序。 它能帮助集群管理员处理以下问题:
- 发生了什么?
- 什么时候发生的?
- 谁触发的?
- 为什么发生?
- 在哪观察到的?
- 它从哪触发的?
- 它将产生什么后果?
审计日志示例(图片来自参考[5]
如何开启日志审计
1、api-server命令行启动时,添加如下参数
--audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/audit/audit-default-policy.yaml # 审计策略文件
--audit-log-path=/data/log/audit/audit.log # kube-apiserver 输出的审计日志文件,此处以日志文件落地的方式做日志收集
--audit-log-maxbackup=10 # kube-apiserver 审计日志文件的最大备份数量
--audit-log-format=json #日志保存格式
--audit-log-maxage=10 #日志最大保留时间
--audit-log-maxsize=500 # 单个日志文件最大为500M
2、kubeadm启动时
修改api-server配置文件/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml,增加如下内容
--audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/audit/audit-default-policy.yaml
--audit-log-path=/data/log/audit/audit.log
--audit-log-maxbackup=10
--audit-log-format=json
--audit-log-maxage=10
--audit-log-maxsize=500
2. 攻击行为检测
2.1 分析流程
若攻击者通过各种手段拿到一个容器shell环境后,下一步必然是利用这个容器进行信息收集,获取更多敏感信息或机器资源,此时,CDK作为一款自动化的攻击工具,就让整个攻击过程如虎添翼,大大提高攻击效率。
作为甲方安全的守护者,从安全建设的角度,如何有效及时的发现攻击者的入侵行为,是一个无法避开的问题。本文通过观察cdk的攻击行为,从k8s日志审计的角度罗列一些入侵检测的常见规则。
目前,针对于日志的审计分析,我们落地方案的整个流程为:
注:下列场景,仅限于原生的CDK行为检测,如果攻击者具备开发能力,修改对应特征,可以绕过对应的检测规则。
2.2 信息收集
CDK在容器内主要收集以下信息:
工具在镜像内运行,其信息收集的结果执如下:
从图上可知,信息收集的整个过程,存在与api-server交互的仅有网络探测部分,总共会向api-server发送三条请求,分别为API-server、namespace、api信息探测。
2.2.1 探测API-server
audit.log
{
"kind": "Event",
"apiVersion": "audit.k8s.io/v1",
"level": "Metadata",
"stage": "ResponseComplete",
"requestURI": "/",
"verb": "get",
"user": {
"username": "system:anonymous",
"groups": [
"system:unauthenticated"
]
},
"sourceIPs": [
"172.18.0.2"
],
"userAgent": "Go-http-client/1.1",
"responseStatus": {
"metadata": {},
"status": "Failure",
"reason": "Forbidden",
"code": 403
},
"requestReceivedTimestamp": "2023-02-02T08:29:12.189459Z",
"stageTimestamp": "2023-02-02T08:29:12.189553Z",
"annotations": {
"authorization.k8s.io/decision": "forbid",
"authorization.k8s.io/reason": ""
}
}
2.2.2 列举namespace
audit.log
{
"kind": "Event",
"apiVersion": "audit.k8s.io/v1",
"level": "Metadata",
"auditID": "41770e7a-1827-4a14-860f-a812d3db1647",
"stage": "ResponseComplete",
"requestURI": "/api/v1/namespaces",
"verb": "list",
"user": {
"username": "system:serviceaccount:test:default",
"uid": "63b8dd88-88dd-4426-bdd1-7966906dc0d5",
"groups": [
"system:serviceaccounts",
"system:serviceaccounts:test",
"system:authenticated"
]
},
"sourceIPs": [
"172.18.0.2"
],
"userAgent": "Go-http-client/1.1",
"objectRef": {
"resource": "namespaces",
"apiVersion": "v1"
},
"responseStatus": {
"metadata": {},
"status": "Failure",
"reason": "Forbidden",
"code": 403
},
"requestReceivedTimestamp": "2023-02-02T08:29:12.205422Z",
"stageTimestamp": "2023-02-02T08:29:12.205485Z",
"annotations": {
"authorization.k8s.io/decision": "forbid",
"authorization.k8s.io/reason": ""
}
}
2.2.3 探测可访问的api
跟namespace类似,只不过requestURI为/apis
2.2.4 总结
综上, 上述日志中可概述为,当cdk在做信息收集时,会向api-server请求3次,分别访问/,/apis,/api/v1/namespaces,可根据这些特征做告警规则
1、userAgent: Go-http-client/1.1 # CDK特定的userAgent,此时,该字段为主要特征
2、responseStatus.code: 403 #默认serviceaccount无权限时 api-server返回的状态码
3、requestURI: / # 访问根目录
2.3 漏洞利用
Exploit模块包含的功能:
2.3.1 容器逃逸
其中,容器逃逸层面,一般是不需要与api-server做交互的,也就不会留下日志。但部分容器逃逸手段是利用错误配置的pod在创建时实施攻击。因此,容器逃逸的检测必须前置到容器创建时,记录下应用请求的权限,然后结合运行时入侵检测做进一步监控。
当一个拥有privilege、sys_admin、network、ipc等特殊权限的pod创建时,它的日志记录是这样的。
audit.json
{
"kind": "Event",
"apiVersion": "audit.k8s.io/v1",
"level": "RequestResponse",
"stage": "ResponseComplete",
"requestURI": "/api/v1/namespaces/testpods/pods",
"verb": "create",
"user": {
"username": "kubernetes-admin",
"groups": [
"system:masters",
"system:authenticated"
]
},
"sourceIPs": [
"172.18.0.1"
],
"userAgent": "kubectl1.16.15/v1.16.15 (darwin/amd64) kubernetes/2adc8d7",
"objectRef": {
"resource": "pods",
"namespace": "testpods",
"name": "testpod",
"apiVersion": "v1"
},
"responseStatus": {
"metadata": {},
"code": 201
},
"responseObject": {
"kind": "Pod",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"metadata": {
"name": "testpod",
"namespace": "testpods",
"selfLink": "/api/v1/namespaces/testpods/pods/testpod",
"uid": "e717d204-7e6d-4608-998b-648a8667e8e1",
"resourceVersion": "13517",
"creationTimestamp": "2023-02-02T09:51:10Z",
"labels": {
"creator": "zhiye",
"team": "teamf"
}
},
"spec": {
"volumes": [
{
"name": "rootfs",
"hostPath": {
"path": "/",
"type": ""
}
}
],
"containers": [
{
"name": "trpe",
"image": "alpine",
"command": [
"/bin/sh",
"-c",
"tail -f /dev/null"
],
"resources": {},
"volumeMounts": [
{
"name": "default-token-mm6s8",
"readOnly": true,
"mountPath": "/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount"
}
],
"terminationMessagePath": "/dev/termination-log",
"terminationMessagePolicy": "File",
"imagePullPolicy": "Always",
"securityContext": {
"capabilities": {
"add": [
"SYS_ADMIN"
]
},
"privileged": true
}
}
],
"restartPolicy": "Always",
"terminationGracePeriodSeconds": 30,
"dnsPolicy": "ClusterFirst",
"serviceAccountName": "default",
"serviceAccount": "default",
"hostNetwork": true,
"hostPID": true,
"hostIPC": true,
"securityContext": {},
"schedulerName": "default-scheduler",
"tolerations": [
{
"key": "node.kubernetes.io/not-ready",
"operator": "Exists",
"effect": "NoExecute",
"tolerationSeconds": 300
},
{
"key": "node.kubernetes.io/unreachable",
"operator": "Exists",
"effect": "NoExecute",
"tolerationSeconds": 300
}
],
"priority": 0,
"enableServiceLinks": true
},
"status": {
"phase": "Pending",
"qosClass": "BestEffort"
}
},
"requestReceivedTimestamp": "2023-02-02T09:51:10.632436Z",
"stageTimestamp": "2023-02-02T09:51:10.660958Z",
"annotations": {
"authorization.k8s.io/decision": "allow",
"authorization.k8s.io/reason": ""
}
}
从日志上可以看出,针对于错误配置导致的逃逸,我们可以关注以下几个日志字段,制定告警规则。
responseObject.spec.volumes # 检测敏感卷,是否挂载docker.sock等
responseObject.spec.containers.volumeMounts # 检测敏感挂载,是否挂载docker.sock等
responseObject.spec.containers.securityContext.capabilities.add # 是否使用SYS_ADMIN权限,(字段嵌套这么多层,真的得吐槽
responseObject.spec.containers.securityContext.privileged # 检测是否为特权pod容器
responseObject.spec.hostNetwork # 是否使用宿主机网络
responseObject.spec.hostPID # 是否使用宿主机hostPID
responseObject.spec.hostIPC # 是否共享宿主机内存
responseObject.spec.serviceAccount # 是否使用特殊的serviceaccount 默认为default
2.3.2 网络探测
此功能为端口扫描+指纹识别,不涉及与API交互,未产生日志。
2.3.3 信息窃取
与api-server交互的为secrets、config和psp,如果是自动获取的话,cdk会发送两次请求,分别使用匿名账户和当前serviceaccout做list动作。
下边列举些主要特征
requestURI: /api/v1/secrets,
requestURI: /api/v1/configmaps
requestURI: /apis/policy/v1beta1/podsecuritypolicies
userAgent: Go-http-client/1.1
user.username: "system:anonymous"
responseStatus.code: 403
"verb": "list"
2.3.4 权限提升
RBAC权限绕过
日志如下
{
"kind": "Event",
"apiVersion": "audit.k8s.io/v1",
"level": "RequestResponse",
"auditID": "bfc643d6-8337-434e-9dec-ba41dd36bfa7",
"stage": "ResponseComplete",
"requestURI": "/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/pods",
"verb": "create",
"user": {
"username": "system:serviceaccount:test:default",
"uid": "63b8dd88-88dd-4426-bdd1-7966906dc0d5",
"groups": [
"system:serviceaccounts",
"system:serviceaccounts:test",
"system:authenticated"
]
},
"sourceIPs": [
"172.18.0.3"
],
"userAgent": "Go-http-client/1.1",
"objectRef": {
"resource": "pods",
"namespace": "kube-system",
"apiVersion": "v1"
},
"responseStatus": {
"metadata": {},
"status": "Failure",
"reason": "Forbidden",
"code": 403
},
"responseObject": {
"kind": "Status",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"metadata": {},
"status": "Failure",
"message": "pods is forbidden: User \"system:serviceaccount:test:default\" cannot create resource \"pods\" in API group \"\" in the namespace \"kube-system\"",
"reason": "Forbidden",
"details": {
"kind": "pods"
},
"code": 403
},
"requestReceivedTimestamp": "2023-02-03T09:56:24.061825Z",
"stageTimestamp": "2023-02-03T09:56:24.061888Z",
"annotations": {
"authorization.k8s.io/decision": "forbid",
"authorization.k8s.io/reason": ""
}
}
由上可发现如下特征:
Pod内serviceaccount无权限的情况
requestURI: /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/pods
userAgent: Go-http-client/1.1
responseStatus.code: 403
Pod内serviceaccount有权限的情况
requestURI: /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/pods
responseObject.metadata.selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/cdk-rbac-bypass-create-pod
responseObject.metadata.spec.containers.args: *cat /run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token*
verb: create
2.3.5 持久化
部署daemonset后门
源码是这样定义的(参考[6]):
体现到日志中,有以下几个点:
objectRef.name: cdk-backdoor-daemonset
objectRef.namespace: kube-system
responseObject.metadata.selfLink: /apis/apps/v1/namespaces/kube-system/daemonsets/cdk-backdoor-daemonset
responseObject.spec.template.spec.volumes.hostPath.path: /
responseObject.spec.template.spec.containers.name: cdk-backdoor-pod
responseObject.spec.template.spec.containers.securityContext[capabilities:ptivileged]:如图上所示
responseObject.spec.template.spec.[hostNetwork|hostPID]: true
部署K8S CronJob
CDK源代码是这样定义的(参考[7]):
体现在日志中,特征有以下几点:
requestURI: /apis/batch/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/cronjobs
verb: create
objectRef.name: cdk-backdoor-cronjob
responseObject.matadata.name: cdk-backdoor-cronjob
responseObject.matadata.selfLink: /apis/batch/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/cronjobs/cdk-backdoor-cronjob
responseObject.spec.jobTemplate.spec.template.spec.containers.name: cdk-backdoor-cronjob-container
部署影子k8s api-server
在pod权限足够的情况下,通过创建shadow api-server做权限维持,详情见参考[4]
在非二开的情况下,通过k8s日志升级可检测以下几个字段
objectRef.name: *-shadow-*
responseObject.metadata.labels.component: kube-apiservershadow
responseObject.spec.containers.command: "--secure-port=9444"
2.3.6 总结
因为漏洞利用部分,动作都普遍较大,因此可观测字段已不仅仅局限于userAgent,其特征均比较明显,极富有工具本身特色
2.4 API利用
2.4.1 Tool模块
此处需要关注的(跟api-server有交互的)为kcurl命令,此命令可借助高权限serviceaccount账户列举/使用k8s资源。
执行./cdk kcurl default get 'https://10.96.0.1:443/api/v1/nodes' ,日志内容如下:
audit.log
{
"kind": "Event",
"apiVersion": "audit.k8s.io/v1",
"level": "Metadata",
"auditID": "418cafa5-2c1e-4fbf-b086-3d68e321d2bb",
"stage": "ResponseComplete",
"requestURI": "/api/v1/nodes",
"verb": "list",
"user": {
"username": "system:serviceaccount:test:default",
"uid": "63b8dd88-88dd-4426-bdd1-7966906dc0d5",
"groups": [
"system:serviceaccounts",
"system:serviceaccounts:test",
"system:authenticated"
]
},
"sourceIPs": [
"172.18.0.3"
],
"userAgent": "Go-http-client/1.1",
"objectRef": {
"resource": "nodes",
"apiVersion": "v1"
},
"responseStatus": {
"metadata": {},
"code": 200
},
"requestReceivedTimestamp": "2023-02-06T09:51:51.790260Z",
"stageTimestamp": "2023-02-06T09:51:51.791075Z",
"annotations": {
"authorization.k8s.io/decision": "allow",
"authorization.k8s.io/reason": "RBAC: allowed by ClusterRoleBinding \"defaultadmin\" of ClusterRole \"cluster-admin\" to ServiceAccount \"default/test\""
}
}
日志中annotations.authorization.k8s.io/reason给出了允许执行的原因。我们可以根据如下三个字段制定告警规则:
serviceaccount有权限的情况下:
annotations.authorization.k8s.io/reason
annotations.authorization.k8s.io/decision
userAgent: Go-http-client/1.1
responseStatus.code:200
无权限的情况下:
userAgent: Go-http-client/1.1
responseStatus.code:403
2.4.2 总结
因为tool模块需要借助高权限serviceaccount或token,因此,权限不足的情况下,api-server返回responseStatus.code: 403 的条目说明了api-server接受到了非预期请求,结合userAgent等信息便可输出可疑告警。
3. 不仅仅是CDK
3.1 CVE-2022-3172 K8S聚合
API(Aggregation API)SSRF漏洞.
聚合 API 实际上是在 kube-apiserver 中运行的,在新 API 注册之前,它并不会工作。如果要添加新的 API,则需要创建一个APIService 对象,用来申请 Kubernetes 中新的 URL 路径。注册成功后,当有发送到此路径中的请求,则会被转发到已经注册的 APIService 上。
APIService 可以将客户端的请求转发到任意的 URL 上,这就有可能会导致 Client 发送请求时,所携带的一些认证信息可能会被发送给第三方。
通过日志审计监控responseStatus.code字段来进行判断是否有出现重定向的情况,通过检测如下字段:
responseObject.code:302
responseObject.code:301
3.2 使用不合规镜像创建pod
除了cdk这种常见的攻击手法,还有一些常见的异常行为需要我们关注,比如一般企业内,pod创建使用的容器均会从企业私有的镜像仓库中拉取,此时如果日志中出现了公共仓库的镜像,则可判断为异常,可关注以下字段
verb : create
level:RequestResponse
esponseObject.kind:Pod
requestObject.spec.containers.image:镜像仓库地址
3.3 pod命令执行
对于kubectl exec命令进行监控,可对如下字段进行监控,注:命令执行的后续无法通过日志审计来进一步监控,需结合运行时检测进一步分析
objectRef.subresource:exec
objectRef.subresource:attach
userAgent
4. 落地实践踩过的坑
1、主要为k8s日志类型比较多,且每种类型的字段名,字段数量均不一致,导致es在存储数据时存在索引内字段类型不一致无法解析存储的问题。
解决方案为对于字段不一致的obj,选择为不做深层次解析。(或者使用hdfs等存储方式,查询时对字段进行解析
2、日志量过大,导致api-server磁盘读写io过高
持续优化audit.yaml中的日志规则,对于其中的node/status,pod/status,coordination.k8s.io/leases等不做日志记录。
5. 总结
本文从k8s日志审计的角度,分析当使用cdk等自动化攻击时,能够从日志中获取到的信息,并给出通过这些信息可监控字段的告警示例。因为这部分字段都比较固定,完全可以通过机器学习提升告警准确率。抛砖引玉,希望后续可以看到更多日志的分析防御角度。
当然,CDK作为开源工具,这些特征都可以做关键字替换。因此,笔者认为功夫应该用到平时,加强k8s的基线管控,比如避免出现高serviceaccount权限、通过准入策略限制使用的docker镜像,并部署容器运行时入侵检测平台。让安全能力覆盖每个环节,才能保证集群的安全稳定。
6. 参考
[1] https://github.com/cdk-team/CDK
[2] https://www.cdxy.me/?p=839
[3] https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug/debug-cluster/audit/
[4] https://discuss.kubernetes.io/t/security-advisory-cve-2022-3172-aggregated-api-server-can-cause-clients-to-be-redirected-ssrf/21322
[5]https://github.com/tencentyun/qcloud-documents/blob/master/product/%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E4%B8%8ECDN/%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%97%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1/%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5/TKE%20%E5%AE%A1%E8%AE%A1%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%97%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90.md
[6] https://github.com/cdk-team/CDK/blob/main/pkg/exploit/k8s_backdoor_daemonset.go#LL35-L87C2
[7] https://github.com/cdk-team/CDK/blob/main/pkg/exploit/k8s_cronjob.go#LL34-L59C2
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