“Malvertising” is a popular way of attracting victims to malicious sites: an advertisement block is placed at the top of the search results, increasing the likelihood of users clicking the link. Sites at the top of search results also tend to be more trusted by users. A year ago, our experts discussed a malvertising campaign that spread the RedLine stealer via Google Ads. Using typosquatting and other techniques, the attackers tried to make their resources look as similar as possible to the official websites of popular programs.

This time, a similar threat has affected users of one of the most popular search engines in the Chinese internet. We’ve discovered two related cases where modified versions of popular text editors were distributed in this system: in the first case, the malicious resource appeared in the advertisement section; in the second case, at the top of the search results. We have not yet been able to establish all the details of the threat, so this material may be updated later.

Malicious sites in search results

The screenshots below show two searches which the search engine responds to with malicious links:

The malicious site found in the notepad++ search is distributed through an advertisement block. Opening it, an attentive user will immediately notice an amusing inconsistency: the website address contains the line vnote, the title offers a download of Notepad‐‐ (an analog of Notepad++, also distributed as open-source software), while the image proudly shows Notepad++. In fact, the packages downloaded from here contain Notepad‐‐.

This site offers installers for three popular platforms (Windows, Linux, macOS); however, there are only two malicious links here, leading to download pages for the macOS and Linux versions. The link to the Windows version leads to the official repository and is not malicious:

The screenshot shows that the source of the malicious installation packages is the resource vnote-1321786806[.]cos[.]ap-hongkong[.]myqcloud[.]com.

Meanwhile, the second page, found in the vnote search, tries to imitate the official website of the program:

Unfortunately, at the time of this investigation, the links to the potentially malicious versions of VNote were no longer functioning; however, they led to the same resource as the Notepad‐‐ links:

Text editor with malicious payload

Since we have samples of the fake Notepad‐‐ for Linux and macOS, we can take a closer look at them.

The downloaded applications have several differences from the original versions, and the malicious Linux and macOS versions are similar in functionality. Next, we will examine the macOS version (MD5: 00fb77b83b8ab13461ea9dd27073f54f). It is a disk image in DMG format, whose contents are identical to the original (version 2.0.0), except for the executable file itself, named NotePad‐‐ (MD5: 6ace1e014863eee67ab1d2d17a33d146).

Studying the contents of its main function, we discovered that just before the application is launched, the suspicious class Uplocal is initialized, which is absent in the source code of the original Notepad‐‐:

This class implements only one method named run. Its purpose is to download a file to the path /tmp/updater and execute it:

The file is downloaded from the address hxxp://update[.]transferusee[.]com/onl/mac/<md5_hash>, where <md5_hash> is the MD5 hash of the device’s serial number obtained in the GetComputerUUID function by executing the following bash command:

The Linux version differs slightly:

1. The file is downloaded from the same address, but is located in the directory /onl/lnx/: hxxp://update[.]transferusee[.]com/onl/lnx/<md5_hash>
2. <md5_hash> is the MD5 hash of the device’s MAC address:

   

   Obtaining and hashing the device’s MAC address

Unfortunately, at the time of our investigation, the downloaded file was no longer available on the server, and we couldn’t determine what was supposed to be there.

However, we know for sure that this server has another subdomain, dns[.]transferusee[.]com, and it is accessed by a Mach-O file named DPysMac64 (MD5: 43447f4c2499b1ad258371adff4f503f), previously uploaded to VT and not detected by any vendor at the time of the investigation:

Moreover, this file is stored on the same server from which the mysterious updater was supposed to be downloaded:

From this, we can fairly confidently assume that the updater is an intermediate step that should ultimately lead to loading DPysMac64. The server also contains a file called DPysMacM1, the name of which implies that it is built for systems running on Apple Silicon processors; however, in reality, it is the same file as DPysMac64.

The application is a backdoor, very similar to the so-called Geacon – an open-source implementation of the CobaltStrike agent written in Go. Although the attackers removed any direct mention of Geacon from their project, we found a large number of lines, names, and code fragments of functions and modules matching implementations of geacon_plus, geacon_pro, and BeaconTool. For example, they have almost completely identical sysinfo modules, functions FirstBlood, EncryptedMetaInfo, PullCommand, and so on:

The backdoor has two launch options – normal and as a service. Communication with the C2 server dns[.]transferusee[.]com is carried out via HTTPS protocol. Interestingly, the attackers named the project which implements the functionality of executing remote commands spacex:

The backdoor contains the following list of commands:

Connection between infected applications

While we cannot be certain about the files previously downloaded from vnote[.]info, we have discovered that the sources distributing applications on both sites are the same. It’s also worth mentioning another interesting detail that we found completely by chance during the examination of the modified NotePad‐‐. In the lines of the executable file, we found text resembling an About window, but instead of a link to the official project website, it contained a link to the suspicious resource vnotepad[.]com. Below is a screenshot of the About window in the program’s user interface:

The link in the About window led us to a stub page:

We found it strange, so we tried to switch from HTTP to HTTPS, which made it possible to discover that this site is another copy of the VNote site, similar to the one we saw on vnote[.]info. Furthermore, when opening this site, the browser warned us that the certificate it was using was invalid because it was issued for vnote[.]info:

This indicates a definite connection between the two cases described, as well as the high probability that the purpose of the modified VNote editors is similar to that of NotePad‐‐, and involves delivering the next stage of infection.

Conclusion

We’re continuing to study the threat described above and are searching for intermediate stages that have not yet been discovered. In addition, we’ve established that the changes in the Linux and macOS applications are identical, suggesting the possibility of a backdoor for Linux that is similar to the one we found for macOS.

Indicators of compromise

Files:

Links: