Git branches are separate lines of development that diverge from the main codebase. They allow developers to work on new features, fix bugs, or experiment without affecting the stable code. Key branch operations include creating a new branch, switching between branches, committing changes, and merging branches back into the main line. Branch workflows like feature branches, release branches, and hotfix branches help organize work. Remote branches enable collaboration by pushing/pulling branches to shared repositories. Mastering branches enhances productivity, enables parallel development, and keeps code organized. With mental models like "hiking trails," branching becomes intuitive, making Git an invaluable version control tool.