Graph retrieval-augmented generation (GraphRAG) is gaining momentum and becoming a powerful addition to traditional vector search retrieval methods. This approach leverages the structured nature of graph databases, which organize data as nodes and relationships, to enhance the depth and contextuality of retrieved information.

Graphs are great at representing and storing heterogeneous and interconnected information in a structured manner, effortlessly capturing complex relationships and attributes across diverse data types. In contrast, vector databases often struggle with such structured information, as their strength lies in handling unstructured data through high-dimensional vectors. In your RAG application, you can combine structured graph data with vector search through unstructured text to achieve the best of both worlds. That’s what we will demonstrate in this blog post.

Knowledge Graphs Are Great, But How Do You Create One?

Constructing a knowledge graph is typically the most challenging step. It involves gathering and structuring the data, which requires a deep understanding of both the domain and graph modeling.

To simplify this process, we have been experimenting with LLMs. With their profound understanding of language and context, LLMs can automate significant parts of the knowledge graph creation process. By analyzing text data, these models can identify entities, understand their relationships, and suggest how they might be best represented in a graph structure.

As a result of these experiments, we have added the first version of the graph construction module to LangChain, which we will demonstrate in this blog post.

The code is available on GitHub.

Neo4j Environment Setup

You need to set up a Neo4j instance. Follow along with the examples in this blog post. The easiest way is to start a free instance on Neo4j Aura, which offers cloud instances of the Neo4j database. Alternatively, you can also set up a local instance of the Neo4j database by downloading the Neo4j Desktop application and creating a local database instance.

os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = "sk-"
os.environ["NEO4J_URI"] = "bolt://localhost:7687"
os.environ["NEO4J_USERNAME"] = "neo4j"
os.environ["NEO4J_PASSWORD"] = "password"

graph = Neo4jGraph()

Additionally, you must provide an OpenAI key, as we will use their models in this blog post.

Data Ingestion

For this demonstration, we will use Elizabeth I’s Wikipedia page. We can use LangChain loaders to fetch and split the documents from Wikipedia seamlessly.

# Read the wikipedia article
raw_documents = WikipediaLoader(query="Elizabeth I").load()
# Define chunking strategy
text_splitter = TokenTextSplitter(chunk_size=512, chunk_overlap=24)
documents = text_splitter.split_documents(raw_documents[:3])

It’s time to construct a graph based on the retrieved documents. For this purpose, we have implemented an LLMGraphTransformermodule that significantly simplifies constructing and storing a knowledge graph in a graph database.

llm=ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model_name="gpt-4-0125-preview")
llm_transformer = LLMGraphTransformer(llm=llm)

# Extract graph data
graph_documents = llm_transformer.convert_to_graph_documents(documents)
# Store to neo4j
graph.add_graph_documents(
  graph_documents, 
  baseEntityLabel=True, 
  include_source=True
)

You can define which LLM you want the knowledge graph generation chain to use. Currently, we support only function-calling models from OpenAI and Mistral. However, we plan to expand the LLM selection in the future. In this example, we are using the latest GPT-4. Note that the quality of the generated graph significantly depends on the model you are using. In theory, you always want to use the most capable one. The LLM graph transformers return graph documents, which can be imported to Neo4j via the add_graph_documents method. The baseEntityLabel parameter assigns an additional Entity label to each node, enhancing indexing and query performance. The include_source parameter links nodes to their originating documents, facilitating data traceability and context understanding.

You can inspect the generated graph in the Neo4j Browser.

Note that this image represents only a part of the generated graph.

Hybrid Retrieval for RAG

After the graph generation, we will use a hybrid retrieval approach that combines vector and keyword indexes with graph retrieval for RAG applications.

The diagram illustrates a retrieval process beginning with a user posing a question, which is then directed to an RAG retriever. This retriever employs keyword and vector searches to search through unstructured text data and combines it with the information it collects from the knowledge graph. Since Neo4j features both keyword and vector indexes, you can implement all three retrieval options with a single database system. The collected data from these sources is fed into an LLM to generate and deliver the final answer.

Unstructured Data Retriever

You can use the Neo4jVector.from_existing_graph method to add both keyword and vector retrieval to documents. This method configures keyword and vector search indexes for a hybrid search approach, targeting nodes labeled Document. Additionally, it calculates text embedding values if they are missing.

vector_index = Neo4jVector.from_existing_graph(
    OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    search_type="hybrid",
    node_label="Document",
    text_node_properties=["text"],
    embedding_node_property="embedding"
)

The vector index can then be called with the similarity_search method.

Graph Retriever

On the other hand, configuring a graph retrieval is more involved but offers more freedom. This example will use a full-text index to identify relevant nodes and return their direct neighborhood.

The graph retriever starts by identifying relevant entities in the input. For simplicity, we instruct the LLM to identify people, organizations, and locations. To achieve this, we will use LCEL with the newly added with_structured_output method to achieve this.

# Extract entities from text
class Entities(BaseModel):
    """Identifying information about entities."""

    names: List[str] = Field(
        ...,
        description="All the person, organization, or business entities that "
        "appear in the text",
    )

prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
    [
        (
            "system",
            "You are extracting organization and person entities from the text.",
        ),
        (
            "human",
            "Use the given format to extract information from the following "
            "input: {question}",
        ),
    ]
)

entity_chain = prompt | llm.with_structured_output(Entities)

Let’s test it out:

entity_chain.invoke({"question": "Where was Amelia Earhart born?"}).names
# ['Amelia Earhart']

Great, now that we can detect entities in the question, let’s use a full-text index to map them to the knowledge graph. First, we need to define a full-text index and a function that will generate full-text queries that allow a bit of misspelling, which we won’t go into much detail here.

graph.query(
    "CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX entity IF NOT EXISTS FOR (e:__Entity__) ON EACH [e.id]")

def generate_full_text_query(input: str) -> str:
    """
    Generate a full-text search query for a given input string.

    This function constructs a query string suitable for a full-text search.
    It processes the input string by splitting it into words and appending a
    similarity threshold (~2 changed characters) to each word, then combines 
    them using the AND operator. Useful for mapping entities from user questions
    to database values, and allows for some misspelings.
    """
    full_text_query = ""
    words = [el for el in remove_lucene_chars(input).split() if el]
    for word in words[:-1]:
        full_text_query += f" {word}~2 AND"
    full_text_query += f" {words[-1]}~2"
    return full_text_query.strip()

Let’s put it all together now.

# Fulltext index query
def structured_retriever(question: str) -> str:
    """
    Collects the neighborhood of entities mentioned
    in the question
    """
    result = ""
    entities = entity_chain.invoke({"question": question})
    for entity in entities.names:
        response = graph.query(
            """CALL db.index.fulltext.queryNodes('entity', $query, {limit:2})
            YIELD node,score
            CALL {
              MATCH (node)-[r:!MENTIONS]->(neighbor)
              RETURN node.id + ' - ' + type(r) + ' -> ' + neighbor.id AS output
              UNION
              MATCH (node)<-[r:!MENTIONS]-(neighbor)
              RETURN neighbor.id + ' - ' + type(r) + ' -> ' +  node.id AS output
            }
            RETURN output LIMIT 50
            """,
            {"query": generate_full_text_query(entity)},
        )
        result += "\n".join([el['output'] for el in response])
    return result

The structured_retriever function starts by detecting entities in the user question. Next, it iterates over the detected entities and uses a Cypher template to retrieve the neighborhood of relevant nodes. Let’s test it out!

print(structured_retriever("Who is Elizabeth I?"))
# Elizabeth I - BORN_ON -> 7 September 1533
# Elizabeth I - DIED_ON -> 24 March 1603
# Elizabeth I - TITLE_HELD_FROM -> Queen Of England And Ireland
# Elizabeth I - TITLE_HELD_UNTIL -> 17 November 1558
# Elizabeth I - MEMBER_OF -> House Of Tudor
# Elizabeth I - CHILD_OF -> Henry Viii
# and more...

Final Retriever

As mentioned at the start, we’ll combine the unstructured and graph retriever to create the final context passed to an LLM.

def retriever(question: str):
    print(f"Search query: {question}")
    structured_data = structured_retriever(question)
    unstructured_data = [el.page_content for el in vector_index.similarity_search(question)]
    final_data = f"""Structured data:
{structured_data}
Unstructured data:
{"#Document ". join(unstructured_data)}
    """
    return final_data

As we are dealing with Python, we can simply concatenate the outputs using the f-string.

Defining the RAG Chain

We have successfully implemented the retrieval component of the RAG. Next, we introduce a prompt that leverages the context provided by the integrated hybrid retriever to produce the response, completing the implementation of the RAG chain.

template = """Answer the question based only on the following context:
{context}

Question: {question}
"""
prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(template)

chain = (
    RunnableParallel(
        {
            "context": _search_query | retriever,
            "question": RunnablePassthrough(),
        }
    )
    | prompt
    | llm
    | StrOutputParser()
)

Finally, we can go ahead and test our hybrid RAG implementation.

chain.invoke({"question": "Which house did Elizabeth I belong to?"})
# Search query: Which house did Elizabeth I belong to?
# 'Elizabeth I belonged to the House of Tudor.'

I’ve also incorporated a query rewriting feature, enabling the RAG chain to adapt to conversational settings that allow follow-up questions. Given that we use vector and keyword search methods, we must rewrite follow-up questions to optimize our search process.

chain.invoke(
    {
        "question": "When was she born?",
        "chat_history": [("Which house did Elizabeth I belong to?", "House Of Tudor")],
    }
)
# Search query: When was Elizabeth I born?
# 'Elizabeth I was born on 7 September 1533.'

You can observe that When was she born? was first rewritten to When was Elizabeth I born? . The rewritten query was then used to retrieve relevant context and answer the question.

Knowledge Graphs Made Easy

With the introduction of the LLMGraphTransformer, the process of generating knowledge graphs should now be smoother and more accessible, making it easier for anyone looking to enhance their RAG applications with the depth and context that knowledge graphs provide. This is just a start as we have a lot of improvements planned.

If you have insights, suggestions, or questions about our generating graphs with LLMs, please don’t hesitate to reach out.

The code is available on GitHub.